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Biology BS

College of Sciences / Natural Sciences
Undergraduate major / Bachelor of Science

About The Program

Biology is the study of life, from the simplest cells to the most complex ecosystems. When you study biology you develop an understanding of your own life and an appreciation for your connection to the natural world. A Bachelor of Science in Biology degree helps open the door to a range of career fields including health care, food science, public health, biotechnology, conservation and natural resource management.

The BS in Biology offers students a comprehensive introduction to the biological sciences with a strong foundation in mathematics and the physical sciences, followed by advanced study in at least one area of student interest.

An instructor discusses a primate skull with a class

BS in Biology graduates may choose to continue on to professional and graduate programs in health care, research and education. The biology major provides students with scientific knowledge, laboratory skills, research experience and intellectual training in analytical and quantitative reasoning. Possible career titles with a bachelor’s degree in biology include Biochemist, Biological Technician, Environmental Scientist, Health Services Manager, Pharmaceutical Sales, and Food Scientist. A Biology BS major, plus a Health, Humanities, and Community minor is a recommended pathway for students considering careers in professional healthcare programs (medical school, dental school, pharmacy, physician’s assistant programs, veterinary school). Biology BS graduates are well positioned for laboratory jobs in life sciences companies and government laboratories around the Twin Cities. Biology BS majors may consider going to graduate school in life sciences programs for a master's or PhD degree.

Student Outcomes

Students who earn a BS in biology degree will be able to:

  • Analyze and explain foundational concepts in cellular/molecular biology, organismal biology, and ecology/evolutionary biology
  • Be able to generate hypotheses and design experiments to test them
  • Be able to interpret and analyze quantitative data
  • Be able to use best technical practices in biology, such as: microscopy, spectrometry, measurement, sterile technique, and data recording
  • Be able to critically read the primary literature, as well as communicate scientific findings orally and in writing

Advance Your Education

How to enroll

Current students: Declare this program

Once you’re admitted as an undergraduate student and have met any further admission requirements your chosen program may have, you may declare a major or declare an optional minor.

Future students: Apply now

Apply to Metropolitan State: Start the journey toward your Biology BS now. Learn about the steps to enroll or, if you have questions about what Metropolitan State can offer you, request information, visit campus or chat with an admissions counselor.

Get started on your Biology BS

Program eligibility requirements

Students expressing interest in the Biology BS major when they apply for admission to the university will be assigned an academic advisor in the Natural Sciences Department and will be given pre-major status.

To be eligible for acceptance to the Biology BS major, students must submit an Undergraduate Program Declaration Form when the prerequisite and pre-major foundation courses are completed.

All prerequisite and required courses must be completed with grades of C- or above. Transfer coursework equivalency is determined by the Natural Sciences Department.

Courses and Requirements

SKIP TO COURSE REQUIREMENTS

In addition to the overall graduation requirements, the Bachelor of Science Biology major requires each student complete 68 credits in the major, including 25 upper division major credits. All prerequisite and required courses must be completed with grades of C- or above. Transfer coursework equivalency is determined by the Natural Sciences Department. Each foundation science course must include at least one credit of professionally supervised laboratory experience with standard undergraduate laboratory equipment and materials. Lower-division (100- and 200-level) courses cannot be used to fulfill core or elective requirements of the major.

Major Requirements

+ Prerequisites (0 to 8 credits)

Completion of college algebra or math assessment placement above college algebra is required prior to taking pre-major foundation courses. These prerequisites fulfill math GELS requirements.

Choose one

This course develops the fundamental concepts of algebra with an emphasis on the classification and analysis of linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential and logarithmic functions. Applications to the natural and social sciences are given throughout. It aims to provide insights into the nature and utility of mathematics, and helps students develop mathematical reasoning skills.

Full course description for College Algebra

This course is designed to prepare students for calculus. Topics include polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions; the algebra of functions; multiple function representations; and an introduction to analytic geometry.

Full course description for Precalculus

+ Premajor Foundation (24 credits)

The first semester of the comprehensive first year course in biology. Covers the biochemistry and inner workings of cells, energy metabolism, genetics, cellular physiology, population genetics and evolutionary pattern and process. Laboratory topics include use of the microscope, biochemistry, cell structure and function, genetics, and evolution. Intended for students who are pursuing, or considering, the major in biology or life sciences teaching.

Full course description for General Biology I

The second semester of the comprehensive first year course in biology. Covers the evolution and diversity of life, plant biology, animal biology and ecology. Lab activities include use of the microscope, examination of organisms, and experiments in plant physiology and ecology; may include animal dissection. Intended for biology and life sciences teaching majors.

Full course description for General Biology II

This course provides a thorough major's level introduction to genetics and heredity. It will cover the fundamentals of genetic information, its transmission from parents to offspring [heredity], its phenotypic and molecular expression in cells and organisms, replication and repair of genetic material within a cell, and its population impacts. Also included are the modern techniques of genetics including: gene mapping, cloning, genome manipulation and mutation. Knowledge of species' genomes, their genes, their inheritance, and how genes impact individuals and/or populations has rapidly become an integral part of almost every aspect of biology. From public health to ecology - genetics touches all.

Full course description for Principles of Genetics

The first semester of the comprehensive first year course in chemistry. Covers measurement, stoichiometry, solution chemistry, atomic structure, bonding, molecular structure, molecular visualization, and problem solving. Lab includes basic laboratory techniques, instrumentation, methodology, chemical analysis, and laboratory notebook procedures. The labs are also designed to engage students in critical thinking and concept building and are directly coordinated with the lecture part of the course. Intended for students who are pursuing, or considering, the biology or life sciences teaching major and/or chemistry minor, and qualified students seeking a general education science course with lab.

Full course description for General Chemistry I

The second semester of the comprehensive algebra-based first year course in chemistry. Covers acid/base theory, chemical equilibria, nuclear and electrochemistry, redox reactions, terminology, functional groups, reactivity of organic compounds and an introduction to biochemistry. Includes lab. Intended for students pursuing the biology or life sciences teaching major and/or chemistry minor.

Full course description for General Chemistry II

Choose one

This course provides an overview of the differential calculus for single and multivariable functions and an introduction to the integral calculus and differential equations, with an emphasis on applications to the natural and physical sciences. Particular topics covered in the course include limits, ordinary and partial derivatives, applications of derivatives, definite integrals, fundamental theorem of calculus, applications of definite integrals, models involving differential equations, Eulers method, equilibrium solutions.

Full course description for Applied Calculus

Since its beginnings, calculus has demonstrated itself to be one of humankind's greatest intellectual achievements. This versatile subject has proven useful in solving problems ranging from physics and astronomy to biology and social science. Through a conceptual and theoretical framework this course covers topics in differential calculus including limits, derivatives, derivatives of transcendental functions, applications of differentiation, L'Hopital's rule, implicit differentiation, and related rates.

Full course description for Calculus I

+ Core (30 credits)
Lower Division Core (10 credits)

The first semester of a comprehensive course in organic chemistry. This course covers structure and nomenclature, bonding theory, reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, instrument methods [e.g. NMR, IR, MS] and the syntheses and reactions of various functional groups of organic compounds. Molecular modeling software is used to assist in visualizing structures and reaction mechanisms, and in the interpretation of various spectra. Intended for biology majors and chemistry minors.

Full course description for Organic Chemistry I

This course provides the laboratory experience to accompany Chem 231 Organic Chemistry I. This course introduces the techniques, specialized equipment, instrumental methods and safety procedures common in an organic lab setting. Students get hands-on experience with the instrumentation, equipment, hazardous material procedures, and multi-step methods employed in the synthesis of larger, more complicated organic structures from simpler molecules.

Full course description for Organic Chemistry I Lab

This is the first course of a two semester sequence covering the fundamental concepts of physics. This course covers Newton's laws of motion, work, energy, linear momentum, rotational motion, gravity, equilibrium and elasticity, periodic motion, fluid mechanics, temperature, heat, and the laws of thermodynamics. Laboratories emphasize application of physics concepts and quantitative problem solving skills. Intended for science majors and general education students with strong mathematical background.

Full course description for Calculus Based Physics I

Physics or Organic Chemistry (5 credits)

Select PHYS 212 or both CHEM 332 and CHEM 332L

This is the second course of a two semester sequence covering the fundamental concepts of physics. This course covers oscillatory motion, waves, superposition and interference of waves, diffraction, electricity and magnetism, electric circuits, light, mirrors and lenses. Laboratories emphasize application of physics concepts and quantitative problem solving skills. Intended for science majors.

Full course description for Calculus Based Physics II

The second semester of a comprehensive course in organic chemistry. This course introduces organic functional groups that include carbonyl, amine, and aromatic systems and related reaction mechanisms, radical reactions, multi-step synthetic routes, polymers, and the chemical structures common in many biomolecules. Instrumentals methods (e.g. NMR, IR, MS, UV) are discussed in greater detail. Intended for chemistry majors and minors, biochemistry majors, and biology majors.

Full course description for Organic Chemistry II

This course provides the laboratory experience to accompany CHEM 332 Organic Chemistry II. This course continues the introduction of the techniques, specialized equipment, instrumental methods and safety procedures that was begun in Chem 231 Organic Chem I Lab. Students get hands-on experience with the instrumentation, equipment, hazardous material procedures, and multi-step methods employed in the synthesis of larger, more complicated organic structures from simpler molecules.

Full course description for Organic Chemistry II Lab

Upper Division Biology Core (15 credits)

Select one course with lab in each of the three core categories

Cell and Molecular (5 credits)

Either one course or set of courses. Both CHEM 325 and CHEM 327 fulfill the 5 credit requirement.

This course covers life in terms of molecules, cells, tissues, and organs, integrating these levels of complexity and focusing on the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of biological function. Topics include membrane structure and function, trafficking of molecules, the endomembrane system signal transduction pathways, extracellular matrix, and the cell cytoskeleton. Laboratory includes descriptive histology of animal tissues. Intended for biology and life sciences teaching majors.

Full course description for Cell Biology

This course covers molecular biology, the study of genetic expression at the molecular level-including transcription, translation, and DNA replication emphasizing structure and function, and focusing on how molecular lab techniques elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the cell. Lab includes recombinant DNA, gel electrophoresis, PCR and sterile technique. Intended for biology majors.

Full course description for Molecular Biology

This course is the first of two-semester biochemistry lecture sequence and part of three lecture-lab biochemistry series. The series broadly cover the study of chemical processes in living organisms. In this course, the emphasis is on the structure and function of biomoleculesparticularly proteins and nucleic acid. Topics covered include structure and function of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides and nucleic acids; biosignaling pathways and signal transduction; biological membranes and the mechanism of protein transporters; acid-base chemistry and how it applies to enzyme mechanism; and, enzyme kinetics and coenzyme structure and function.

Full course description for Biochemistry I: Biomolecule Structure and Function

This lab course exposes students to modern techniques in biochemistry. The course is part of a year-long biochemistry series that broadly cover the study of chemical processes in living organisms. Biochemical techniques covered include bench chemistry techniques, chromatography techniques, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein purification and characterization, protein assay techniques, and spectrophotometry. Students also carry out semester-end research project in which they apply the techniques they learned in the first part of the semester.

Full course description for Biochemistry Laboratory

Ecology and Evolutionary (5 credits)

Choose one

This course covers the science of ecology, focusing on population and community ecology, the investigation of patterns in the distribution and abundance of organisms and the processes responsible. The content and methods of modern ecological research are emphasized. Students read ecological research papers and do field investigations, experiments and computer modeling. Most of the weekly labs take place outdoors. Intended for biology, environmental science and life sciences teaching majors.

Full course description for Ecology

This course covers the science of evolutionary biology, including population genetics, microevolution, speciation, phylogenetics and macroevolution. The content and methods of modern research in evolutionary biology are emphasized; student read primary source scientific literature. Lab activities include field investigations, lab experiments, and computer modeling. Intended for biology, environmental science and life sciences teaching majors.

Full course description for Evolution

This course covers the biology, chemistry and physics of aquatic habitats with an emphasis on the ecology of lakes in Minnesota. The content and methods of modern limnological research are emphasized. Labs focus on field and lab investigation of water bodies in the metropolitan area. Most of the weekly labs take place outdoors. Intended for biology, environmental science and life sciences teaching majors and other qualified students.

Full course description for Limnology

This course covers the science of animal behavioral ecology. The content and methods of modern ecological research are emphasized. Students read research papers in the field of animal behavior and conduct field investigations, experiments and computer modeling. Many of the weekly labs take place outdoors. Intended for biology majors.

Full course description for Behavioral Ecology

This course covers ecosystem theory, nutrient cycling, energy flow, and related global environmental topics including acid rain, greenhouse effect, climate change and mercury pollution. The content and methods of modern ecosystems research are emphasized. Lab activities may include field investigations, lab experiments, and computer modeling. Intended for biology, environmental science, and life sciences teaching majors and other qualified students.

Full course description for Ecosystem and Global Ecology

Physiology and Organismal (5 credits)

Choose one

This course covers plant physiology across the range of organisms studied by botanists, including plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria, including the structural and biochemical features that are characteristic of the different taxonomic groups and how these features affect the distribution and abundance of the organisms. The content and methods of current research in plant physiology are emphasized. Lab activities include laboratory and field investigations. Intended for biology majors.

Full course description for Plant Physiology

The biology of invertebrate animals, particularly insects and other terrestrial arthropods: their macroevolutionary history, taxonomy, morphology, physiology, behavior, and ecology. Topics may include their identification and roles as pollinators, herbivores, predators and disease vectors in natural, agricultural, and urban ecosystems. The course includes an integrated laboratory with field and laboratory activity. Course intended for biology majors.

Full course description for Invertebrate Biology

This course covers the taxonomy, structure, function and ecology of microbes including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protista. Additional topics include microbial pathogenesis, the response of the mammalian immune system to microbial infection, microbial metabolic diversity and microbial biotechnology. Labs include use of microscope, survey of types of microbes, isolation of microbes from the environment, identification of microbes, staining of bacteria, action of antibiotics and disinfectants, counting of bacteria in food and water and use of microbes in food and beverage production. Intended for Biology, Biochemistry, Environmental Science or Life Science Teaching majors.

Full course description for Advanced Microbiology

+ Capstone and electives (14 credits)

An additional 14 credits of upper-division Biology courses chosen from core courses above, the elective courses below, and other approved 300, 400, or 500 level Biology courses (see advisor for details). Research and internship cannot exceed five credits toward the elective requirement. No more than 4 credits of 200 level biology coursework may be counted towards this requirement. Each student must take at least 3-credits of 400 or 500 level coursework.

Detailed study of the anatomy and physiology of the human body with special emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. Includes the following topics: introduction to anatomy and physiology, tissues, integument system, skeletal system, articulations, muscular system, nervous system, special senses, and endocrine system. Intended for students in nursing and other allied health sciences; does not count towards Biology major requirements; is not a general education science course. Formerly HBIO 201.

Full course description for Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Detailed study of the anatomy and physiology of the human body with special emphasis on the relationship between structure and function. Includes the following topics: cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, nonspecific defense and immunity, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, fluid/electrolyte and acid/base balance, and reproductive system. Intended for students in nursing and other allied health sciences; does not count towards Biology major requirements; is not a general education science course. Formerly HBIO 202.

Full course description for Human Anatomy and Physiology II

The study of microorganisms covering the basic principles of growth, metabolism, and genetics; the relationships between microbes and humans in health care; microbes that cause disease and their control; pathogenicity, epidemiology, and immunology; and related topics such as microscopy, aseptic technique, and diagnostic testing. Intended for students in nursing and other allied health sciences; does not count towards Biology major requirements; is not a general education science course. Intended for students in nursing and other allied health sciences; does not count towards Biology major requirements; is not a general education science course. Formerly HBIO 205.

Full course description for Basic Microbiology

Internships offer students opportunities to gain deeper knowledge and skills in their chosen field. Students are responsible for locating their own internship. Metro faculty members serve as liaisons to the internship site supervisors and as evaluators to monitor student work and give academic credit for learning. Students are eligible to earn 1 credit for every 40 hours of work completed at their internship site. Students interested in internships within the Natural Sciences Department should work with their advisor and/or faculty internship coordinator to discuss the process for your specific major.

Full course description for Biology Internship

400 and 500 Level Elective Options

A minimum of three credits is required in this upper division elective category.

Covers the genetic, physiological, and molecular principles underlying the causes and treatments of cancer. Course focuses on the regulatory pathways and their genetic flaws that govern cell proliferation, angiogenesis, malignancy and metastasis. Intended for biology majors in their senior year.

Full course description for Biology of Cancer

This course examines the ecology of environmental pollution from biological, paleolimnological and international perspectives. Topics include acidification, eutrophication, metal and organic contamination, species introductions, and climate change. Students develop skill with structured decision making, risk assessment and public presentation. Intended for biology majors, environmental science and other qualified students.

Full course description for Pollution Ecology

BIOL 416 is intended to serve as an upper division elective within the Biology (B.A. and B.S.) and Environmental Science (B.S.) majors; as such, enrollment is restricted to juniors and seniors within these majors. This advanced lecture course examines the biology of exotic organisms that cause ecological or economic harm upon establishment in a novel environment. Topics include the stages of biological invasion and the ecological processes that mediate them (e.g., propagule pressure, biotic interactions, disturbance), the impacts and management of invasive species, risk assessment and post-invasion evolution. Field trips to local ecosystems may be incorporated.

Full course description for Invasion Biology

This course examines current scientific understanding of the ecological effects of climate change. Topics include the global climate system, greenhouse effect warming, and the effects of climate change on plants and animals at the physiological, community, and ecosystem levels. Students read and discuss primary scientific literature. This course serves as an upper division elective in the Biology and Environmental Science majors.

Full course description for Climate Change Ecology

Biomechanics is the study of the physical aspects of life, the materials and structures made and used by living things of all kinds, plants, animals, fungi, protista and bacteria. Biomechanics unites the fields of physics, physiology, ecology and engineering in the investigation of biological materials and structures and the structural and functional roles that they play for the organisms that produce them. This includes chitin, cellulose, spider silk, feathers, tooth enamel, wood, bone, arteries, tree branches, porcupine quills and many more. This course is an upper division elective in the Biology major and meets the 400-level capstone course requirement of the major.

Full course description for Comparative Biomechanics

This course will explore and provide an in-depth account of current concepts in the field of Virology. It will introduce students to topics such as virus structure, replication, infection and disease, epidemiology and immunology. There will be a detailed discussion of renown viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, flu viruses, HIV I. Students will also be introduced to modern use of viruses (ex.Therapy for diseases and vaccine making). This course befits student in Biology and Biochemistry majors.

Full course description for Virology

This course presents current advanced research in environmental science, connecting students to the wealth of the scientific resources available in the Metropolitan State area. By listening, reflecting, and writing, students learn about current research in environmental science and how scientists communicate it to other scientists. This course can, with instructor permission, be taken more than once for credit. Intended for biology majors in their junior or senior year.

Full course description for Seminars in Biology

This course provides students with independent laboratory, field or computer biology research under the supervision of a resident biology faculty member. Students must complete a research proposal and it must be approved by the instructor prior to course registration. Prior successful completion of an upper division course with the instructor is generally required.

Full course description for Senior Research in Biology

This course is intended for Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology majors and counts as an elective for the Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Biology majors. Course lecture will focus on discussions of the biochemical aspects of neurodegenerative diseases, addiction, and poisons, such as the roles of metal ions and non-covalent interactions in protein folding and function. The course involves extensive reading and discussion of primary literature with a strong focus on data interpretation and experimental design.

Full course description for Biochemistry of Neurological Disorders

Medicinal chemistry allows the advanced chemistry student to explore the considerations of drug design and development as well as case studies on how different classes of therapeutic agents act in the human body. Topics include drug targets, drug sources, structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and the modern drug discovery pipeline. This class is suggested for those students intending to continue in health sciences.

Full course description for Medicinal Chemistry

This course is the second of two-semester biochemistry lecture sequence and part of three lecture-lab biochemistry series. The series broadly cover the study of chemical processes in living organisms. In this course, students learn about the energy producing pathways of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty-acid oxidation. Coverage will also include a discussion of how biosynthetic processes are controlled and integrated with metabolism of the cell as well as gene regulation and biochemical aspects of evolution. This course is intended for students majoring in chemistry and provides more extensive coverage of the subject than a student will get in a comprehensive/introduction to biochemistry course.

Full course description for Biochemistry II: Bioenergetics, Metabolism, and Macromolecule Biosynthesis